The Winter Of Cold Winter Air Over Your Face - 1285 Words

Sundown Frozen toes and red ears. Pink windburned cheeks and chapped lips. Can you feel it? The rush of cold winter air over your face. Can you picture it? A winter wonderland with slopes, lifts, and free people. Spotlights shining down on you and illuminating the glistening snow. Sundown, a place people go for thrills and fun during the winter. Not everyone departs with a good memory in mind. If you’re not careful you might leave with something unexpected. Sundown is a place not too far from here. About 45 minutes from here to be precise. It’s a cold place with warm buildings and greasy food. Not a place for everyone. But a place for someone like me. As you arrive, from a mile down the road you can see the snow twinkling in the light. You can feel the energy as soon as you enter the parking lot. It’s exhilarating. The feeling of being in control, but sometimes not. You feel like you can go wherever that board can take you. This way and that. But never up, always down. Today was the day. I waited anxiously for the bell to ring. It was a nice winter day. The air was the perfect temperature to be riding down the closest thing to a mountain in Iowa, not too cold but not too warm. In the next hour and a half I’d be making my way down a nice, powdery hill. â€Å"Are you ready to go?† Simon asked as I hopped in the back of the red trailblazer. â€Å"More ready than I’ll ever be,† I responded vapidly. Jokingly he asked, â€Å"Are you ready to hit that 360?† â€Å"Oh yeah after I land aShow MoreRelatedMoisturizing Tips for Winter Time600 Words   |  3 PagesMoisturizing Tips for Winter Time The dry, cold air during winter can cause numerous skin problems such as dry and flaking skin thus taking care of it should be on your priority list. Everyone has different skin types thus it is essential that you consult a specialist or dermatologist when it comes to choosing the right product for you. Make sure that you always read the labels before purchasing any skin care product. Here are several skin care tips that can help you in keeping your skin healthy evenRead MoreObserving a Scene Essay775 Words   |  4 Pagesthat are visible to any naked eye. The red rooftops infiltrate my window screen and reflect off my mirror. The streetlights resemble stars that are masked by Salem’s inner city light pollution. The naked maple trees in the near distance are breaching over the multifamily homes; the abundant pine trees are full of life and blooming with greens and strength. Living in Florida for almost all of my life, I never experienced nature’s diversity. When the seasons change it is like watching a slow motionRead MoreThe Meeting Of Spring And Winter921 Words   |  4 PagesGrondin Mrs. Dinsmore Honors American Literature 11 September 2014 The Meeting of Spring and Winter A Narrative Writing Based on the Chippewa Native American Story of the Spring Beauty At the end of another winter, an old man sat in his lodge which stood on the banks of a frozen river. The days were not as frigid as they had been in the last three months. His fire was dying, yet the air was not so cold. He was ancient and solitary. Age had turned his long hair a snowy white, and caused every boneRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Bamboo Bedding1016 Words   |  5 Pageson a Frosty Winter Night It’s that time of year again. The leaves are changing to brilliant reds, oranges, and yellows, painting the landscape in the beautiful glow of fall. Yet, autumn leaves also mean that winter is right around the corner. With chilly nights ahead, what type of bedding should you use to stay warm this winter? Well, if you want to stay cozy and warm this winter, try organic bamboo bedding. Below are some ways bamboo bedding helps to keep you cozy on a frosty winter night. †¢ FirstRead MoreBioclimatic Design1234 Words   |  5 Pagesof this is an always individualised ‘inhabitable wrapping’.Nature provides us with climatic conditions (variation in air temperature, incident solar radiation, wind systems, air direction, speed and humidity), which can be passively harnessed through purely architectonic devices.The essential principle of bioclimatism is that of building with the climate. A personalised study of your case gives us the beginnings of the architectonic design. Architecture and environment. Modern society separatesRead MoreBioclimatic Design1226 Words   |  5 Pagesof this is an always individualised ‘inhabitable wrapping’.Nature provides us with climatic conditions (variation in air temperature, incident solar radiation, wind systems, air direction, speed and humidity), which can be passively harnessed through purely architectonic devices.The essential principle of bioclimatism is that of building with the climate. A personalised study of your case gives us the beginnings of the architectonic design. Architecture and environment. Modern society separates usRead MoreIssues In The Australian Environment Case Study1570 Words   |  7 Pagesconditions, with temperate winters and warm, dry summers. Further north, in the South Australian outback, towns like Coober Pedy experience days that reach 40C. Adelaide, the capital, reaches an average summer high and low of 28C and 17C, while winter cools down to 16C and 8C. 15. Home to Australia’s most recognizable natural wonder, the red hot-looking Uluru (Ayer’s Rock), it’s not surprising that the Northern Territory is one of the country’s hottest spots. With an average winter low of 20C in its capitalRead MoreMy Fondest Memories Of The Hunt Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pageswas a tight squeeze. Yet, the buddy stand will always be the place of my first memories of hunting with my dad. Now on this day in the buddy stand, it was very cold, but a good kind of cold. The kind of cold in which you knew the deer would be moving. Somewhere in the timber, there lived a king of the forest. The kind of buck that makes your heart beat adrenaline. With my bow and arrow, I wanted nothing more but to bag a buck of this caliber. Yet, even more, I wanted to live to tell the story to myRead MoreJanuary, 2017. Save Your Pets, Save Yourself!By Fire Chief1148 Words   |  5 PagesJanuary, 2017 SAVE YOUR PETS, SAVE YOURSELF! By Fire Chief Gary Curmode/PIO, Copper Mountain Fire Department, CO Summit County is into our winter season fast and furious. What a great time to enjoy the winter season! To enjoy our four seasons we need to practice safety in all aspects of recreation. Today’s article is going to talk about how to save your pets, and also yourself in the winter season. Pets are part of our community. They go with us almost everywhere. When pets go outside, theyRead MoreShort Story1606 Words   |  7 Pagesfirmly. Swinging my bag over my shoulders, I watched as the other nurses and doctors walked into rooms. Checking on patients and doing their daily rounds. The sound of familiar beeping rang through the air. I strolled past the front desk into the hospital break room. I opened the doors and heard the voice of my coworker. â€Å"Hey Winter, Doctor Christian ask that you check on Eugene, Mina, and Autumn, when you get a chance.† As I sat at a table, my coworker, Luna walked over to me dropping down the

Essay on Changing Womens Roles - 1570 Words

Women started to challenge their domestic roles over time by using the war, westward expansion and abolitionist movements and by ultimately taking advantage of the liberties they were given. Because they were proven to be sufficiently skillful in activites during the Revolution and Civil War they were able to expand their roles after the war both socially and also in education. From the time the abolition and temperance movements started in the early 1830s, women, both white and black, started to become more outspoken about the rights they feel are being denied to women and African Americans. Their role in the temperance and abolition movements gave them the needed tools to change womens roles. An African American woman by the name of†¦show more content†¦Lucretia Mott was a Quaker minister who attended the Anti-Slavery Convention in London, England and was refused a seat by the white men that held this conference. As a response and retaliation in 1848, herself and another reformer by the name of Elizabeth Cady Stanton orgainzed the first womens rights convention, The Seneca Falls Convention. Using the Declaration of Independence as a model they both came up with a declaration of their own called the Declaration of Sentiments that demanded that the rights of women as right-bearing individuals be acknowledged and respected by society. As a result of this meeting came a series of resolutions that demanded the increase of womens rights, which includes better employment oppurtunities and educational as well as the right to vote. After slavery was abolished in 1865 she shifted her efforts towards the African Americans right to vote. Susan B. Anthony was another woman that played an important role in the abolitonist movement and then temperance. During the Civil War she agreed completely with the Union cause. She also helped the Abraham Lincoln administration by creating the Womens Loyal League. Her role in the abolition and movement was mostly that of the one who organizes, the one who traveled and spoke publicly. She spoke more about the public opinion. In the mid-1850s she was asked to organize, write and deliver speeches againstShow MoreRelatedEssay about Womens Changing Role in Family and The Workplace1809 Words   |  8 PagesWomens Changing Role in Family and The Workplace One of the main institutions in society is found within the household and is popularly known as â€Å"The Family†. It is here, in the family, where the commencement of society takes place. It is amongst this unit that the origin of women’s oppression began with the constant power struggle between man and woman. With the â€Å"nuclear family† slowly being thrown out the window and the new â€Å"dual-earner† family creeping in to takes it’s place, it’s no wonderRead MoreChanging Womens Roles as a Result of the Black Plague Essay831 Words   |  4 Pages When Eve took that bite of the Forbidden Fruit, she had no idea what she had gotten women-kind into. Whether or not you believe in the story of creation, the perception of women as corrupting and sinful had shaped womens social roles in Western Society for thousands of years. Augustine was one of the first to write about the wickedness of women, and the acceptance of this doctrine is evide nt in the Letters of Abelard and Heloise through their disdain toward marriage. Along with mass death ofRead MoreEssay on The Changing Role and Status of Womens From 1914-19282289 Words   |  10 PagesThe Changing Role and Status of Womens From 1914-1928 We are studying how far the role and status of women changed between 1914 and 1928. It includes different aspects of life for the women; it will also refer to how and why life changed during the war. In the early 20th century women’s lives were a repeated routine, which unfortunately was the same everyRead MoreRoles of Men and Women1639 Words   |  7 PagesChanging roles of men and women adapting to changes in work and family life in Australia. Roles of men and women have changed in todays context, unlike the past, it was caused by cultural and sociological changes around the communities. Roles can be defined as the characteristic and expected social behavior of an individual. The aim of this essay is to investigate the changes in responsibility of men and women, adapting to changes in work and family life in Australia. This essay will focus on threeRead MoreEssay on Womens Role in Society in the 1800s728 Words   |  3 PagesHistory Women’s Role in Society During the early 1800s women were stuck in the Cult of Domesticity. 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Disputes and Problems at Work

Questions: 1. Evaluate the purpose of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and, with particular reference to the services provided by Acas, assess to what extent it is a successful means of resolving disputes outside the formal judicial process? 2. Explain why European Union law takes precedence over domestic law in the United Kingdom? Answers: 1. Alternative dispute resolution rate of success: Introduction: Alternative dispute resolution system is procedure and technique which try to resolve the dispute between parties out of the court (Davidson, 2000). This is more flexible and speedy process than court proceeding. This proceeding has various benefits. In case of dispute relating to employment or dispute between employee and employer it is very effective. Different organizations are now a days very much concern about the Alternative dispute resolution because of its benefits. Generally employees in their contracts include this time of clause to resolve dispute through the arbitration procedure. Normally the negotiation, mediation and arbitration procedures are applied in case of employment related issues. Negation is the best method where two parties shift their stand at least to some extent that the dispute between them can be resolve (Murray et al., 1996). The trade unions performed a critical role in service related matters. Organizations like ACSAS performed very well in settling d ispute between the employer and employee though the alternative dispute resolution system. Dispute resolution for dispute arisen between employee and employer ACAs view: According to this organisation there are several causes for the dispute in the work place. The dispute in work place can be arise between worker with other worker or between worker or manager etc. the main reasons are injustice relating to treatment, insufficiency in training, inadequate work environment, unequal treatment between the employees, harassments, overloaded work pressure etc (Acas.org.uk, 2015). This organize provide some solution that can minimize the problem. The problems can be resolved by appointing manager with sound management power, by encouraging the employees for their good work, reduce the excess work pressure which will enhance the quality , clearly explain the employment contract and specify the dispute resolution forum on that regard. This forum has two different types of services for dispute resolution. First one is individual dispute and second one is collective dispute. Individual dispute means one employee has issue with the employer. For this kind of dis putes Alternative dispute resolution is one of the best solutions. Before going to any employment tribunal it is better to resolve the dispute though mediation or arbitration. It is more cheap and swift procedure and less formal. The conciliation procedure can be done in some stages like prior to file the complaint to the employment tribunal it can be resolved through the conciliation procedure or through other ADR procedure. By this both party can appoint their conciliator with the help of ACAS or like originations. ACAS encourage the party to resolve their dispute through the informal way to dispute resolution (Acas.org.uk, 2015). For individual compliant there are 3 solutions: early conciliation, mediation and arbitration. Mediation is also a very appropriate method in this regard. The parties can appoint a mediator who is an independent person and can help impartially in this situation. One or more mediator can also be appointed and the mediators can consult by themselves and pr onounce solution on the disputed matters. Mediators are well versed with law and expert in the subject matter so they can provide better solution for the dispute. The solution of this mediation procedure is legally binding in nature so therefore parties are bound to maintain the solution incurred from the mediation procedure. The workplace mediation is much helpful in maintaining the relationships and maintaining the work environment (Acas.org.uk, 2015). Different data indicates that 80% of disputes are resolved by the mediation process in the work place. Arbitration is the procedure where an impartial person called arbitrator is appointed to resolve the dispute. The arbitrators are very competent persons to resolve disputes and take compact decision regarding the dispute. The arbitrator will heard bath the side of employees and employers then take the decision in an impartial way. The arbitral award has its binding force towards the parties like court procedure. So arbitration can be the best solution for dispute settlement. In case of collective dispute there are procedure of collective conciliation, mediation and arbitration. Collective dispute means when a group of employees filed a complaint against employer. For collective conciliation generally trade union plays an awesome role in dispute resolution. But maximum cases it was seen that they cant reach to any solution in this regard. It an impartial person is appointed then it gives much more effective ways of dispute resolution. Generally collective arbitration when negation failed between the employer and employees. Arbitration is very speedy trail and ACAS can guarantee it within 21days. Within this period then will provide remedy through arbitration procedure. Collective mediation is a process which is helpful for the organisation to resolve dispute with their employees. An impartial capable third party will listen to the problem and settle the dispute in best possible way. Mediation procedure starts only when the parties are agree to go for medi ation. If they agree voluntarily then the decision of the mediation procedure is binding on them. Case: There was a landmark dispute resolution case through the ACAS in regard to employment related problems. The case was from Thomas Keating ltd. They contact with ACAS for the dispute arising out of the matter relating to annual pay. A collective conciliation service was provided by the institution by very eminent and capable conciliators. Senior staffs and the managers engage in this conciliation procedure and after in the consultation session. After all this the dispute was resolved in an appropriate manner and both the disputing parties are happy. This procedure help a lot to keep the work environment properly and side by side resolve the dispute too. Importance of Alternative Dispute Resolution: There is no doubt that alternative dispute resolution systems are became very important in modern era. Maximum cases relating to workplace issues are resolved by the ADR. The reason is that the organizations dont want to go for the long lasting court procedures. The court procedures are costly too. So employees also interested in ADR. Disputes and litigation generally disrepute the position of the company or organisation, but ADR maintain the confidentiality of the matter. So the companies are interested in resolving dispute through ADR. In maximum cases it was observed that ADR resolved the dispute in such a manner that both the parties are benefited by the decision. Many cases resolved in negotiation stage. Both the parties change their position a little and get the benefit of the settlement of the dispute outside the court. It is obvious that court decisions are more binding in nature but it take lots of time and cost. Alternative Dispute Resolution is a system which helps a lot t o maintain the relation between the employer and employee as well as help to maintain the good work environment. Speedy remedies are always welcomed by all the organizations so it is right to state that in relation to employment related dispute alternative dispute resolution is the best and authentic process to resolve the matters. 2. Supremacy of EU laws: Labor lawof United Kingdom controls the associations surrounded by employees, employer and unions of the employees that are trade union.The workers of UK take pleasure in different employment rights,which are initiated from a variety of Acts, policy and common laws. This comprises the right to least salary that is of 6.50 for every employee who is over the age of 21year as mentioned in theNational Minimum Wage Act 1998 (Lewis, 1986).TheWorking Time Regulations 1998provide the right for having 28 paid holidays, splits from work, and effort to get relief from extremely extended working shifts. ThePensions Act 2008provides the right to be instinctively registered in a basicindustrial allowance after retirement. The Equality Act 2010provides that employees are not unreasonably subjected to discrimination of the basis of their sexual category, social group, sexual preferences, and attitude, believes etc, while employers must surely provide the needs of physically challenged people to resc ue them from social discrimination. Additional than private rights, all the staffs have the right to add their view in regard to pronouncement about their rights all the way throughthe process of collective bargaining. Employees possess the right to take resolution about their policies relating to pension under thePensions Act 2004. In some corporations employees have a right totake part in an election forthe selecting their administrator or managerial people (Collins, Ewing and McColgan, 2012). In company which has more than 50 people must be well informed and look for recommendation about major fiscal developments or complexities.This happens through a increasingly growing quantity ofprofessional gathering must be happened through the request of the staffs. Though, the UK has not so far implementsthese suggestions which are maintained by the EU which specifies to involve that all employees have a vote for their employersboard of directorsbeside shareholders (Davies, 2009). Collective bargainingbetween trade unions an d the company becomes the primary model for contribution at job in UK. TheTrade Disputes Act 1906 legalizes the provision of strike. TheTrade Union and Labor Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992make rule for the establishment of trade unions, right of employees, the state of affairs to be satisfied before strike accomplishment etc (Davies, 2012). Thought in case of labor laws EU laws are similar to UK laws but there are certain differences in this regard. As the above discussion we came to know about the law prevail in the country. EU has some differentiations regarding implementation of rights of employees. Like voting rights regarding the election of directors are not an established principle in the UK domestic laws but it prevails in the EU labor laws. So if this kind of discrepancies arises the law of EU will be taken into consideration (Bercusson, 1996). EU laws are always predominant over the laws of other European country. The members of the European Union state that whenever there are conflicts in laws the EU will prevail. The legal doctrine emerged from the European Court of Justice. InR v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd. (R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd, [1990]), case the thecourtstated that judges in the United Kingdom possessed the power to not implement the regulations of parliament where they are in conflict with laws of EU.Some jurist opined thatstate Parliament had willingly took this boundary of its autonomy, and independence. So they are being fully conscious about the fact there must be limitation to their legal powers. According to European Community Law whenever a situation of conflict arises between European Law and domestic law of the member states of the EU, the European law prevails highly over the domestic laws. The case law of Flaminio Costa v ENEL(Flaminio Costa v ENEL, [1964]) is a landmark decision of the European Court of justice, which established the law that in further conflict situations the European Union Law will prevail highly over the Domestic law. Flaminio Costa v ENEL(Flaminio Costa v ENEL, [1964]) The case focused on the Mr. Costa who was an Italian Citizen who owned shares in an electricity company. He refused to pay electricity bill, which amounted to 1925 lire. He was however, sued by the newly created state electricity company for the nonpayment of the remaining amount. The electricity companies change its nationalization. However, the plaintiff demanded that as per the Treaty of Rome and the Italian Constitution the Electricity company could not legally change the nationalization. However, the electricity company notified that as per the statutory interpretation of the European Union law the electricity company did not make any breach of the law. Thus, the case was dismissed and ruled in favor of the electricity company because the court stated that the Italian court had no command over the rulings of the European Union Law. Thus, the EU law is considered supreme even over the provisions and legislations of the national constitutions. After the decision of the case of Flaminio Costa v ENEL (Flaminio Costa v ENEL, [1964]), the English law stated that provided that the European law is subjected to discipline and truth the domestic law cannot be implemented. However, (_) suggested that the EU legislation can be challenged by the domestic state laws. If the domestic law has doubts about the communitys legitimacy on a particular legislative situation then the national law of the European Union will prevail over the state law. Majority of the European Law is legislated by means of the secondary legislation. In thus resect for the implementation of the EU law the EU firstly makes an initial proposal to the member state. The EU, European council and the EU governments and European parliaments before the amendment then debate over the proposal. The implementation and the effect of the law will depend upon the adoption of the law by the member states. Thus, the implementation process of the EU law is very difficult as the negotiation between the 27 countries each with its own priorities and policies and legal systems along with the different provisions of the EU law is time consuming. However, for the international EU law to enter into the context of the national paradigm some legal provisions are required. Certain domestic legislation must be enacted by the national parliament in order for international law to enter into national law. UK in this respect adopts dualist approach to international law and ratifies the international treaties with the help of the domestic law. Thus, UK takes into account the domestic regulations in terms of ratifying the whole process of treaties prevailing within the UK. If the treaties are enacted within the domestic level then the treaties must be incorporated by an act of parliament. With the help of th provisions of the European Community Act 1972, UK adopts the dualist approach in resolving all the case situations by applying both domestic as well as national law. Section 2(4) of this act states norms for the concepts of primacy of the international law over the national or domestic law. The section does not expressly states that European community law is supreme over the domestic law. However, this section states that any enactment that is passed to will be passed in the future will be framed in accordance to the legislations of both national and international laws. However, there are also certain limits of primacy on the degree of enforcement of the European Community law over the domestic law. Hence in many cases the dualist approach will be applied only if the European community law is directly effective in the case scenario. Otherwise, the states are allowed to follow the domestic laws. Thus there will be no conflict of decision over the issues of domestic and community law interpretation. Conclusion: The EU has always the power or position to predominance over the state laws. All the state communities are well versed about the matter that their sovereignty can be restricted if the state law is not according to the law of EU. If any dispute arises then party will get the benefit of EU laws. The laws which are in conflict with EU laws can be invalid in case of any dispute. References org.uk, (2015).Disputes and problems at work | Acas. [online] Available at: https://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1364 [Accessed 14 Apr. 2015]. Bercusson, B. (1996).European labour law. London: Butterworths. Collins, H., Ewing, K. and McColgan, A. (2012).Labour law. Cambridge [UK]: Cambridge University Press. Davidson, F. (2000).Arbitration. Edinburgh: W. Green. Davies, A. (2009).Perspectives on labour law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Davies, A. (2012).EU labour law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Esping-Andersen, G. and Regini, M. (2000).Why deregulate labour markets?. Oxford [UK]: Oxford University Press. Flaminio Costa v ENEL[1964]ECR p.585. Gutteridge, H. (n.d.).The interpretation and administration of labour laws in England. Hill, R. (1998). The Theoretical Basis of Mediation and Other Forms of ADR: Why They Work.Arbitration International, 14(2), pp.173-184. Lewis, R. (1986).Labour law in Britain. Oxford [Oxfordshire], UK: B. Blackwell. MACPHEE, M., WARDROP, A. and CAMPBELL, C. (2010). Transforming work place relationships through shared decision making.Journal of Nursing Management, 18(8), pp.1016-1026. MANNHEIM, B. (1983). Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference.Work and Occupations, 10(4), pp.413-436. Murray, J., Rau, A., Sherman, E. and Murray, J. (1996).Arbitration. Westbury, N.Y.: Foundation Press. R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd[1990]UKHL p.7. Sentes, R. (1977). Labour Arbitration and the Refusal to Perform Hazardous Work.Relations industrielles, 32(1), p.139.

What are the arguments for and against a ban on smoking in public places Essay Example

What are the arguments for and against a ban on smoking in public places Paper The tobacco plant is native to the Americas and was first imported to England in the 1560s by Sir John Hawkins, an English slave trader. Tobacco itself received a cold reception on the continent and throughout the 16th and 17th centuries harsh punishments including lip-slitting in Russia and even the death penalty in Turkey, were imposed on those caught lighting up in public places. However, despite a threat of excommunication from the church by Pope Clement VIII, smoking became increasingly popular with Europeans, with the first Cuban cigars being sold in London in 1835 [www.forest.org]. Paper-rolled cigarettes followed (1832), with the first UK based cigarette factory opening several years later (1856) in Walworth. Changing social attitudes saw smoking becoming a socially acceptable past time amongst all classes of society. This ideal furthered with both the Great War and World War II during which a staggering 80% percent of soldiers smoked, and cigarettes were rationed alongside other necessities such as food and clothing. Though experiments carried out as early as 1964 By US surgeon General Luther Terry [ Encarta 2000] showed that smoking could lead to lung cancer, the health risks associated with smoking tobacco were largely unknown or treated with a mild scepticism. Over time however, improved scientific testing, health discoveries and subsequent campaigns by the Government led to an increased awareness of the detrimental effects of smoking. These include, to name but a few: We will write a custom essay sample on What are the arguments for and against a ban on smoking in public places specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What are the arguments for and against a ban on smoking in public places specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What are the arguments for and against a ban on smoking in public places specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * Lung disease (see page 2 for details) * Heart disease (see page 2 for details) * Emphysema a lung condition in which the alveoli or air sacs break down * Cataracts an eye problem that can cause blindness, even former smokers run 60% risk of developing cataracts In turn, this manifest itself namely in a public demand for reform on the laws on the advertising (1970 to date) and the selling of cigarettes. More importantly, recent research shows that non-smokers, too, are put at risk of many smoking related diseases via exposure to passive smoking. This is defined by the UK media as the inhalation of smoke from the cigarettes / pipes / cigars of others. Subsequently, in todays increasingly litigious society, there developed a strong public demand for reform on the law, or lack of laws, on smoking in the work environment / public places and the health impact this has on affected employees and non-smokers. Currently in the limelight due to a ban proposed by Government on smoking in all enclosed public places and workplaces by the end of 2007 as well as all restaurants and pubs and bars preparing and serving food by the end of 2008 [ Public Health White paper, issued 16/11/04], high-profile smoking bans have already been implemented in New York (29/03/2003) and Ireland (29/03/2004) in response to similar pressures. In England, the highly controversial proposed ban has sparked mixed reactions from both the public and politicians alike, with both sides actively voicing their viewpoints to a receptive public audience. The main campaigning lobby in favour of the ban are Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) a public health charity that aims to generate the public and political impetus for the measures that will reduce tobacco use and ultimately tackle the epidemic of disease and death that it causes. [ www.ash.org.uk]. The organisation uses mass-media campaign to publicise what they believe is justification of such a ban. These largely focus on the health issues raised by passive smoking (or second-hand smoke) in both adults and children. Indeed, second-hand smoke contains over 4000 chemicals including the highly toxic benzene, formaldehyde, arsenic and ammonia and whilst facts and figures vary, research completed as recently as 2004 by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Government-appointed Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health (SCOTH) show evidence that passive smoking can cause a number of harmful and even fatal diseases including: * Coronary artery disease a chronic disease in which the coronary arteries gradually harden and narrow (atherosclerosis). Can lead to serious health complications, including heart attack or even cardiac arrest. [ www.heartcentreonline.com] * Lung cancer the most common cause of cancer death in both men and women, passive smoking is responsible for around 12 new cases of adult lung cancer in Australia alone. In most cases, it is not found until it has spread to other parts of the body, like the brain, liver or bones. [ Why Quit leaflet] * Symptoms of asthma These findings are furthered by results of studies conducted by the Royal Colleges that conclude: passive smoking causes an estimated 1,000 deaths in adults each year and causes cot death, asthma, lung infections and middle ear disease in children [ The Times Newspaper, 23rd June 2004] and a report by the British Medical Association [released 2002] that claims over 800 people in England die each year as a result of second-hand smoke. The main argument then forwarded by supporters of the ban is that this evidence suggests that an outright ban on smoking in public would be a sensible counter to the problem, and could save the NHS some of the millions it spends each year on the treating of smoking/passive smoking related diseases. In a similar vein, it is maintained by many that a ban on smoking in public places would encourage smokers to quit as well as deter non-smokers from taking up the habit, subsequently lowering the cost to the NHS of treating smoke related diseases even further, whilst simultaneously developing a more health-conscious society. Supporters of the ban also liken the idea to issues such as drink-driving or the compulsory wearing of seat belts in cars, in which the state introduced public health and safety measures, that whilst they may be viewed as an encroachment on peoples civil liberties, were nevertheless in need of address, in the interest of public safety (e.g. as drink-driving can lead to the driver injuring another party, so too can smoking via the effects of passive smoking). In addition to this, a ban would also deliver a positive environmental benefit through reduced litter as discarded cigarette wrappers, packets and cigarette ends present a significant litter impact, particularly in urban areas. A further direct consequence of the ban would be the reduction in the incidence of fires in public and licensed premises caused by the inappropriate disposal of smoking materials. This benefit could also be extended to reduction in household fires if the public ban delivers the desired reduction in smoking addiction. Countering the significant pressure from ASH and other campaigning groups are the opponents of a ban, led by the tobacco companies and linked lobbying groups such as The Freedom Organisation for the Right to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco (FOREST). These organisations are continually fighting to counteract the health and social arguments that are increasingly being driven by the pro-ban lobby. In opposing a ban, they endeavour to question the evidence presented by the anti-smoking lobby, with some key examples being outlined below. Firstly, they regard research claiming passive smoking is damaging to health as untrue, based on the fact that there have been almost 150 studies on passive smoking and overall the results are widely considered inconclusive. The lack of certainty on the effect of passive smoking gives good reason, they claim, not to fully ban it in public places. As a result, the group argues that a ban is often too extreme and that alternative compromises are just as easily implemented. A smoking ban in restaurants, for example, is unnecessary with the introduction of smoking and non-smoking areas. It is suggested that as long as there are certain levels of ventilation, extraction and air movement there is no justification for a total ban as passive smoking will be reduced significantly. Another popular argument is that a ban on smoking in pubs/clubs/cafes etc. could be damaging to businesses, significantly reducing their trade as some consider a pint/coffee and a cigarette go hand in hand. With regards to smoking in the workplace, large numbers of people claim a cigarette can help them relax or concentrate in what is an increasingly stress-filled society. It is therefore argued that banning smoking in public places could damage staff morale, ultimately leading to poor productivity in the workplace. Finally, many are resentful of the ban and believe the section of the population that choose to enjoy smoking should not be demonised and marginalised by being threatened with legal bans. The freedom of 13 million adults should be respected and their lifestyle should be afforded a sense of measured tolerance. In addition, the ban itself would be authoritarian an example of a non-smoking majority imposing its will over the smoking minority. In conclusion, whilst the public accept limitations on freedom in many areas, e.g. adhering to a speed limit when driving, on the basis of the broad public good, conflicting reports on the severity of the health risk posed by passive smoking has inevitably created difficulties in the drawing of a boundary between the rights of smokers to exercise free choice and the rights of the public and employees not to be subjected to environmental pollution and associated health risks caused by a smoky atmosphere. As a result, many parties -pro and anti ban- have been left dissatisfied by the proposals, which continue to remain both controversial and wide open to debate.